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CZ Biohub built 22 ventilator alarms to adapt more basic ventilators. Image credit: CZ Biohub

Patients with severe COVID cases struggle to breathe, and ventilators pump their lungs for them. As the disease progresses, the amount of pressure needed to keep a patient breathing properly increases. Modern, sophisticated ventilators are equipped with sensors that can trigger alarms when unsafe conditions for the patient develop, such as when the air pressure is too high or too low.

As the novel coronavirus quickly spread through the United States in February and March, health care providers realized their intensive care units might not have enough ventilators to treat a surge of COVID-19 patients. Hospitals tried to buy more, but couldn’t.

That’s when the San Francisco VA hospital reached out to , Director of Bioengineering at the , a San Francisco-based biomedical research institute. The hospital had a stock of very basic “transport” ventilators on hand that could be used in an emergency. However, those ventilators lack any alarms, so using them would have required a person to sit by each machine around the clock to manually monitor it and adjust its settings to ensure safe operation for the patient—staff the hospital couldn’t spare in the midst of a surge of cases. So, the chief of anesthesiology asked the engineers at the Biohub if they could make some kind of simple alarm device to improve the safety of the transport ventilators.

The bioengineering team immediately started designing the electronics for the device, and had a basic design ready in a few days. However, the team was heavily taxed by other urgent requests related to the virus and, since time was of the essence, extra help was needed. Gómez-Sjöberg decided to ask , a biophysicist at Stanford, if he could help review the existing design to make sure it was correct and design a printed circuit board. Marti has experience with electronics and had mentioned that he could get his JILA ex-colleagues to help.

The design principle of the alarm is very simple. The device monitors the pressure in the tube that goes from the ventilator to the patient and calculates the most basic breathing parameters: the peak inspiration pressure, the peak end-expiration pressure, and the breaths per minute. These parameters are displayed on a small screen on the device, and an audible alarm is triggered when the pressure goes above a user-set threshold, when the pressure stays too low for a certain amount of time, or if the breathing cycle stops. This audible alarm, coupled with screen messages explaining the cause for the alarm, alert staff to check on the patient and adjust the ventilator. The device would allow some of these basic ventilators to be useful in case of a shortage.

“One thing that became very clear to the entire community is we don’t know what is going to happen with the coronavirus, but the worst-case scenario is that we run out of ventilators,” Marti added. “Most people don’t need them, but for the few who do, they can be life-saving, and if we run out of ventilators then this could be a catastrophe.”

To make sure it would work and be robust enough, Marti reached out to his former advisor , a physicist at JILA at ���Ҵ�ý�ƽ������, for help. That seems like an odd partnership, but it actually makes a lot of sense, Ye said. Physicists are accustomed to building ad hoc sensors for their experiments to detect minute changes in the environment. The Ye Group works on , which uses lasers and atoms to measure time to the 18th digit. That requires monitoring numerous parameters that could affect an atom on a fine scale, which isn’t that different from monitoring vital signs from a patient, Ye and Marti pointed out.

“In some sense our lab has been doing that for many years. That sort of control is our game, being able to make a system perform in a robust way,” Ye said. “The sense of urgency was like a life or death matter. At that time there was a super shortage of ventilators nationwide. A single day can lose life, so we were moving quick.”